gh-152075: Avoid lock contention in _Py_Specialize_LoadGlobal under free threading

Include/cpython/critical_section.h

@@ -41,6 +41,15 @@ PyCriticalSection_BeginMutex(PyCriticalSection *c, PyMutex *m);
 PyAPI_FUNC(void)
 PyCriticalSection2_BeginMutex(PyCriticalSection2 *c, PyMutex *m1, PyMutex *m2);
 
+// Attempts to enter a critical section locking both `a` and `b` without
+// blocking. Returns non-zero (1) if successful, in which case the critical
+// section is active and must be terminated with `PyCriticalSection2_End(c)`.
+// Returns 0 if acquiring the locks would block, in which case no locks are
+// acquired and the critical section is not entered. On GIL-enabled builds,
+// this always succeeds and returns 1.
+PyAPI_FUNC(int)
+PyCriticalSection2_TryBegin(PyCriticalSection2 *c, PyObject *a, PyObject *b);
+
 #ifndef Py_GIL_DISABLED
 #undef Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION
 #undef Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION

Include/internal/pycore_critical_section.h

@@ -193,6 +193,60 @@ _PyCriticalSection2_Begin(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCriticalSection2 *c, PyObject
     _PyCriticalSection2_BeginMutex(tstate, c, &a->ob_mutex, &b->ob_mutex);
 }
 
+static inline int
+_PyCriticalSection_TryBeginMutex(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCriticalSection *c, PyMutex *m)
+{
+    if (PyMutex_LockFast(m)) {
+        c->_cs_mutex = m;
+        c->_cs_prev = tstate->critical_section;
+        tstate->critical_section = (uintptr_t)c;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+_PyCriticalSection2_TryBeginMutex(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCriticalSection2 *c, PyMutex *m1, PyMutex *m2)
+{
+    if (m1 == m2) {
+        c->_cs_mutex2 = NULL;
+        return _PyCriticalSection_TryBeginMutex(tstate, &c->_cs_base, m1);
+    }
+
+    if ((uintptr_t)m2 < (uintptr_t)m1) {
+        PyMutex *tmp = m1;
+        m1 = m2;
+        m2 = tmp;
+    }
+
+    if (PyMutex_LockFast(m1)) {
+        if (PyMutex_LockFast(m2)) {
+            c->_cs_base._cs_mutex = m1;
+            c->_cs_mutex2 = m2;
+            c->_cs_base._cs_prev = tstate->critical_section;
+
+            uintptr_t p = (uintptr_t)c | _Py_CRITICAL_SECTION_TWO_MUTEXES;
+            tstate->critical_section = p;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            PyMutex_Unlock(m1);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Attempts to enter a two-object critical section without blocking.
+// Returns 1 if both mutexes were locked immediately, in which case the
+// critical section is entered and must be exited with `_PyCriticalSection2_End`.
+// Returns 0 if locking would block, leaving no locks held.
+static inline int
+_PyCriticalSection2_TryBegin(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCriticalSection2 *c, PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
+{
+    return _PyCriticalSection2_TryBeginMutex(tstate, c, &a->ob_mutex, &b->ob_mutex);
+}
+
 static inline void
 _PyCriticalSection2_End(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCriticalSection2 *c)
 {

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-07-14-20-19-48.gh-issue-152075.V9Rwhp.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Reduced lock contention during LOAD_GLOBAL bytecode specialization under
+free threading.

Python/critical_section.c

@@ -217,3 +217,14 @@ PyCriticalSection2_End(PyCriticalSection2 *c)
     _PyCriticalSection2_End(_PyThreadState_GET(), c);
 #endif
 }
+
+#undef PyCriticalSection2_TryBegin
+int
+PyCriticalSection2_TryBegin(PyCriticalSection2 *c, PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
+{
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    return _PyCriticalSection2_TryBegin(_PyThreadState_GET(), c, a, b);
+#else
+    return 1;
+#endif
+}

Python/specialize.c

@@ -1457,9 +1457,18 @@ _Py_Specialize_LoadGlobal(
     PyObject *globals, PyObject *builtins,
     _Py_CODEUNIT *instr, PyObject *name)
 {
-    Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION2(globals, builtins);
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PyCriticalSection2 cs;
+    if (PyCriticalSection2_TryBegin(&cs, globals, builtins)) {
+        specialize_load_global_lock_held(globals, builtins, instr, name);
+        PyCriticalSection2_End(&cs);
+    }
+    else {
+        unspecialize(instr);
+    }
+#else
     specialize_load_global_lock_held(globals, builtins, instr, name);
-    Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION2();
+#endif
 }
 
 static int